Rainfall erosivity and erosivity density through rainfall synthetic series for São Paulo State,Brazil: Assessment,regionalization and modeling

Rainfall is the main cause of erosion of Brazilian soils, which makes assessing the rainfall erosivity factor (RE) and the erosivity density (ED) fundamental for soil and water conservation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: i) to estimate the RE and ED for São Paulo State, Brazil, using synthetic series of pluviographic data; ii) to define homogeneous regions regarding rainfall erosivity; and iii) to generate regression models for rainfall erosivity estimates in each of the homogeneous regions. Synthetic series of pluviographic data were initially obtained on a sub-daily scale from the daily rainfall records of 696 rainfall gauges. The RE values were then estimated from the synthetic rainfall data, and ED was calculated from the relationship between erosivity and rainfall amounts. Monthly and annual maps for RE and ED were obtained. Hierarchical clustering analysis was used to define homogeneous regions in terms of rainfall erosivity, and regionalized regression models for estimating RE were generated. The results demonstrate high spatial variability of RE in São Paulo, where the highest annual values were observed in the coastal region. December to March concentrate approximately 60% of the intra-annual erosivity. The highest values of annual ED were observed in regions with intense agricultural activity. The definition of five homogeneous regions concerning the rainfall erosive potential evidenced distinct seasonal patterns of the spatial distribution of erosivity. Finally, the high predictive accuracy of the regionalized models obtained characterizes them as essential tools for reliable estimates of rainfall erosivity, and contribute to better soil conservation planning.     

Determination of rill erodibility and critical shear stress of saturated purple soil slopes

The hydrological conditions near the soil surface influence the soil erosion process, as determined by the soil erodibility and critical shear stress. The soil erodibility and critical shear stress of saturated purple soil slopes were computed and compared with those of unsaturated purple soil slopes. The detachment capacities computed through the numerical method (NM), modified numerical method (MNM) and analytical method (AM), from rill erosion experiments on saturated purple soil slopes at different flow rates (2, 4, and 8 L min^?1) and slope gradients (5, 10, 15, and 20°), were used to comparatively compute the soil erodibility and critical shear stress. The computed soil erodibilities and critical shear stresses were also compared with those of unsaturated purple soil slopes. At the different slope gradients ranging from 5° to 20°, there were no significant differences in the soil erodibilities of the saturated purple soil and also in those of the unsaturated purple soil. The critical shear stresses slightly varied with the slope gradients. The saturated purple soil was relatively significantly more susceptible to erosion. The NM overestimated the soil erodibility of both saturated and unsaturated soils by 31% and underestimated the critical shear stress. The MNM yielded the same soil erodibility and critical shear stress values as the AM. The results of this study supply parameters for modeling rill erosion of saturated purple soil slope.     

Conservation management decreases surface runoff and soil erosion

Conservation management practices – including agroforestry, cover cropping, no-till, reduced tillage, and residue return – have been applied for decades to control surface runoff and soil erosion, yet results have not been integrated and evaluated across cropping systems. In this study we collected data comparing agricultural production with and without conservation management strategies. We used a bootstrap resampling analysis to explore interactions between practice type, soil texture, surface runoff, and soil erosion. We then used a correlation analysis to relate changes in surface runoff and soil erosion to 13 other soil health and agronomic indicators, including soil organic carbon, soil aggregation, infiltration, porosity, subsurface leaching, and cash crop yield. Across all conservation management practices, surface runoff and erosion had respective mean decreases of 67% and 80% compared with controls. Use of cover cropping provided the largest decreases in erosion and surface runoff, thus emphasizing the importance of maintaining continuous vegetative cover on soils. Coarse- and medium-textured soils had greater decreases in both erosion and runoff than fine-textured soils. Changes in surface runoff and soil erosion under conservation management were highly correlated with soil organic carbon, aggregation, porosity, infiltration, leaching, and yield, showing that conservation practices help drive important interactions between these different facets of soil health. This study offers the first large-scale comparison of how different conservation agriculture practices reduce surface runoff and soil erosion, and at the same time provides new insight into how these interactions influence the improvement or loss of soil health.     

不同坡度及坡向条件下的土壤侵蚀特征研究——以淮河北部支流低山丘陵区为例

借助RS和GIS技术获取研究区土壤侵蚀的相关影响因子,运用RUSLE土壤侵蚀模型,计算研究区土壤侵蚀模数,进行侵蚀强度分级,并探讨不同坡度和坡向条件下的土壤侵蚀特征。结果表明,研究区平均土壤侵蚀模数为1 173.755 t/(km2·a),年侵蚀总量约9.56×107t;约96%的区域为微度侵蚀;轻度以上侵蚀主要发生在西部和北部的低山丘陵区,侵蚀土壤面积占总面积的3.32%,但泥沙流失量的比重为72.024%,是防治水土流失的关键区域;随着坡度的增加,侵蚀面积呈先减小后增大而后又减小的趋势,8°~15°坡度带是土壤侵蚀状况的转折点;不同坡向条件下,土壤侵蚀面积由大到小的顺序为半阳坡、阳坡、阴坡和平地,半阳坡侵蚀面积约占总侵蚀面积的50%。     

宁化县小流域水土流失综合治理效益分析——以常丰里和石壁溪小流域为例

以宁化县常丰里和石壁溪小流域为例,从宏观监测和微观监测2个层面监测了常丰里和石壁溪小流域水土流失动态变化、植被自然演替状况、植被覆盖度、林草生长量,以及经济效益和社会效益等指标。该流域治理水土流失面积2 675 hm2,治理程度达到80.4%;综合治理措施保存率达80%以上;宜草宜林面积达80%以上;林草植被覆盖率从50.4%提高到56.0%;提高了防洪减沙效益,减沙率达70%以上;小流域土壤侵蚀模数从2 533 t/(km2·a)降低到1 500 t/(km2·a)以下。经过综合治理,流域内的水土流失面积、强度都已明显下降,取得了良好的治理效果。     

黑龙江省长残留除草剂应用及残留药害情况调查

目前生产上使用的长残留除草剂主要有氯嘧磺隆、咪草烟、氟磺胺草醚、异噁草松和莠去津。涉及药害的作物有大豆、水稻、玉米、亚麻、马铃薯、白瓜、甜菜及一些经济作物。为改善农业生态环境和促进农业生产,对黑龙江省长残留除草剂的使用及产生残留药害的情况进行了调查。结果表明:2012年黑龙江省长残留除草剂使用商品量7 659.2t,有效量2 473.8t,可用面积305.72万hm2次。2012年全省使用有效量比2011年增加18.16%。2012年全省长残留除草剂造成的残留药害面积达65.81万hm2次,药害发生面积最多的是黑河地区,达21.09万hm2次,其次是佳木斯地区18.88万hm2次,哈尔滨地区11.17万hm2次。建议限制和减少长残留除草剂的生产和使用,推广应用降低除草剂残留的新技术。     

杜仲叶渣固态发酵制备有机肥的工艺研究

对杜仲叶渣固态发酵制备有机肥的工艺进行了研究。通过单因素分析了4个主要因素:菌种组合、液料比、葡萄糖添加量和发酵时间对杜仲叶渣中腐殖酸质量分数的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化了杜仲叶渣固态发酵工艺条件,并考察了所制备的有机肥的毒性。结果表明,杜仲叶渣最佳固态发酵工艺条件为:液料比2.0∶1(m L∶g),葡萄糖添加量1.5%,接入白腐菌和康宁木霉复合菌种,发酵6 d。此条件下,杜仲叶渣中的腐殖酸质量分数可达38.31%。毒性试验结果表明,上海青种子的发芽率均达到90%以上,证明制备的有机肥无毒。     

不同杀菌剂与杀菌时间对发财树残根生长的影响

【目的】筛选发财树Pachira macrocarpa残根的最佳杀菌剂和最佳杀菌消毒时间.【方法】用1.25 g·L-1的多菌灵、甲霜灵锰锌、农用链霉素、甲基托布津和2.0 g·L-1高锰酸钾溶液对发财树残根进行不同时长的消毒灭菌处理,研究不同杀菌剂、不同消毒灭菌时间对发财树残根的芽长、叶片鲜质量、根长、根质量、出根数、根系活力的影响.【结果和结论】对发财树残根杀菌效果最理想的菌剂是多菌灵,其次为甲基托布津,再次为甲霜灵锰锌和高锰酸钾,农用链霉素的杀菌效果最差;发财树残根的最佳消毒灭菌时长为0.5和1.0 h,消毒灭菌时间过长(12 h)对发财树残根的生长反而有明显的抑制作用.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法研究吡唑醚菌酯在人参根、茎、叶和土壤中的残留动态及最终残留量

【目的】明确在人参生长期施用250 g·L-1吡唑醚菌酯乳油在人参根、茎、叶和土壤中的残留动态及最终残留量.【方法】样品经丙酮提取,N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)固相萃取柱净化后,用液相色谱-串联质谱法检测.【结果和结论】施药剂量为666.67 g·hm-2(以有效成分计)时,吡唑醚菌酯在人参根、茎、叶和土壤中的降解半衰期为6.35~8.75 d.施药剂量为333.33~666.67 g·hm-2时,施药后60 d吡唑醚菌酯在人参根、茎、叶和土壤中的最终残留量低于0.020 6 mg·kg-1,因此建议施用250 g·L-1吡唑醚菌酯乳油时,施药剂量不高于666.67 g·hm-2,施药1次,安全间隔期为35 d.     

定西市安定区水土流失特点与治理效益分析

水土流失是定西地区生态环境恶化的主要原因,也是社会经济发展的主要限制性因素之一。通过对定西市安定区水土流失特点、水土保持路径变迁及其效益分析,基于区域可持续、协调发展的理念下,提出了干旱贫困区水土流失治理思考,以期为干旱区水土保持研究提供理论依据。